考研英语二背诵手册
小作文 10 分 · 约 100 词 · 15 分钟 | 大作文 15 分 · 约 150 词 · 25 分钟
使用方式 不要背七八套。先背格式铁律 → 再背每类书信的「核心逻辑」而非全文 → 用真题套 3 遍 → 20 分钟内默写小作文、25 分钟内默写大作文。
格式与三条铁律
书信五要素
| 要素 | 规范写法 | 常见错误 |
|---|---|---|
| 称呼 | Dear Professor Smith, / Dear Mr. Wang, / Dear Jim, / Dear Sir or Madam, | 忘写逗号；对熟人用 Sir or Madam |
| 首句 | I am writing to …（直接点明目的） | 寒暄过长，3 句还没进入正题 |
| 正文 | To begin with / In addition / Last but not least 分层 | 要点遗漏；段落不分 |
| 结尾 | 感谢 / 期待回复 / 致歉 / 祝贺 | 无结尾，正文写完直接落款 |
| 落款 | Yours sincerely, Li Ming | 写真名；落款位置在左上角 |
三条铁律
- 格式第一，内容第二。格式错了直接扣分，内容再好也救不回来。
- 要点全覆盖。题目给的 2—3 个 required points 必须逐一写到，漏一个掉一档。
- 语气必须匹配收件人。给教授写 wanna / gonna / Hey 是自杀；给朋友写 I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude for your kind assistance 是夸张。
语气正式度对照
| 收件人 | 语域 | 开头示范 | 落款 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 机构 / 陌生人 | 正式 | Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to inquire about … | Yours faithfully |
| 教授 / 上级 | 正式 | Dear Professor Smith, I am writing to extend my invitation to … | Yours sincerely |
| 朋友 / 同学 | 半正式 | Dear Jim, How is everything going? I am writing to tell you that … | Yours, / Best wishes |
书信核心逻辑 + 模板
先记「核心逻辑」，再背「骨架句」。考场上逻辑对了，句子可以现场微调；逻辑错了，背再多模板也套不上。
① 建议信 · 核心逻辑：表明缘由 → 2—3 条具体建议 → 期待回复
Dear ______,
I am writing to offer some suggestions regarding ______.
In my opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions. To begin with, it would be beneficial if you could ______. In addition, I recommend that you ______, because ______. Last but not least, ______ can also be a good choice.
I hope you will find these suggestions helpful. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
② 感谢信 · 核心逻辑：开门致谢 → 说明事由与帮助 → 再次致谢祝愿
Dear ______,
I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for ______.
To begin with, it was your generous help that enabled me to ______. What's more, without your assistance, I would not have ______. Last but not least, ______.
Again, thank you for your kind help. I am looking forward to the opportunity to return your favor.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
③ 邀请信 · 核心逻辑：表明来意 → 时间/地点/内容 → 期盼到场
Dear ______,
On behalf of ______, I am writing to cordially invite you to ______, which is scheduled to be held in ______ at ______ on ______.
As a distinguished expert in this field, you are the ideal person to ______. It would be our great honor if you could ______.
We would appreciate it if you could confirm your participation at your earliest convenience. I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
④ 道歉信 · 核心逻辑：直接致歉 → 说明缘由 + 补救方案 → 恳请谅解
Dear ______,
I am writing to express my sincere apology to you for ______.
The reason is that ______. I fully understand that this may have caused you much inconvenience. To make up for it, I would like to ______.
Please accept my apology and thank you for your understanding. I will appreciate it very much if you could give me a chance to ______.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
⑤ 推荐信 · 核心逻辑：说明推荐对象 → 2—3 条理由 → 期待采纳
Dear ______,
I am writing to recommend ______ to you, which I believe will be a perfect choice / be of great help.
The reasons for my recommendation are as follows. First and foremost, ______. In addition, ______. What impresses me most is that ______.
I am sure it will not disappoint you. Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
⑥ 投诉信 · 核心逻辑：说明投诉对象 → 阐述问题 → 提出诉求
Dear ______,
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction about ______.
The problems I have found are as follows. To begin with, ______. What is more, ______. I would appreciate it very much if you could ______ as soon as possible.
I would be grateful if my complaint could be handled properly. I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
⑦ 祝贺信 · 核心逻辑：得知喜讯 → 肯定努力 → 再次祝贺
Dear ______,
Knowing that you have ______, I feel so delighted to extend my warmest congratulations to you.
I am sure that your success should be attributed to your enormous devotion and unremitting efforts. To help you achieve greater progress, I advise you to maintain your ambition and courage.
Please accept my congratulations again. Best wishes for your future.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
⑧ 申请信 · 核心逻辑：申请意向 → 个人优势 → 感谢与期待
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of ______ / apply for admission to ______.
I believe I am well qualified for this position. First, I have a solid foundation in ______. In addition, my experience as ______ has equipped me with ______. Last but not least, ______.
I would be grateful if you could take my application into consideration. Enclosed is my resume for your reference.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
通知 Notice · 格式即分数
NOTICE
June 20, 2025
______ will be held in ______ on ______.
The arrangements are as follows. Firstly, this activity will focus on ______. Moreover, ______. Last but not least, all the participants are required to ______.
All students are welcome to attend. Please contact us no later than ______.
The Students' Union
| 要素 | 规范 |
|---|---|
| 标题 | 首行居中，首字母大写：NOTICE / Recruitment Notice / Volunteers Wanted |
| 日期 | 标题下一行右端，June 20, 2025（月 日, 年） |
| 正文 | 目的 → 时间/地点 → 内容/要求 → 联系方式 |
| 落款 | 右下角：先单位（The Students' Union），再日期 |
纪要 Minutes（2023 新大纲新增）
纪要的核心是格式块，语言反而是次要的。把握以下框架即可：
Minutes of ______（会议主题）
Time: ______ Location: ______
Attendees: ______ Absentees: ______
Meeting Summary:
1. The chairperson called the meeting to order and outlined the topic.
2. ______（讨论要点 1）
3. ______（讨论要点 2 / 决议）
Submitted by: Li Ming
小作文功能句库
开头句（按功能选）
| 功能 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 通用目的 | I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude / extend my sincere apology / offer some practical suggestions on … |
| 代表机构 | I am writing on behalf of the Students' Union to invite you to … |
| 朋友寒暄 | How is everything going? I am more than delighted to tell you that … |
| 通知目的 | This notice is intended to announce an upcoming event / seek volunteers for … |
结尾句
| 功能 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 期待回复 | I am looking forward to your reply. / I would appreciate it if you could reply at your earliest convenience. |
| 通用礼貌 | Thank you for your time and consideration / your due attention to my letter. |
| 留联系方式 | If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. |
| 道歉专用 | Once again, I apologize for any inconvenience caused. |
| 通知专用 | For further information, please do not hesitate to contact me at … Your participation is highly appreciated. |
小作文高分替换
| 普通表达 | 高分替换 |
|---|---|
| Thank you very much | I would like to express my sincere gratitude |
| I want to | I would like to |
| tell you | inform you / notify you |
| ask you | inquire about / consult you |
| help me | render me some assistance |
| I'm sorry | I sincerely apologize for |
| a lot of | a wealth of / a great number of |
小作文范文
范文一 · 建议信（给来华朋友提学中文的建议）
Dear Jack,
I am delighted to hear that you are coming to China to study Chinese. As your friend, I would like to offer you some suggestions on learning the language.
To begin with, it would be beneficial if you could enroll in a language course, where professional teachers can help you build a solid foundation. In addition, I recommend that you practice speaking with native speakers as much as possible, since a language is best acquired through communication. Last but not least, watching Chinese films and TV series can make learning both fun and effective.
I hope you will find these suggestions helpful. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
范文二 · 通知（人工智能主题英语讲座）
NOTICE
June 20, 2025
An English lecture on artificial intelligence will be delivered by Professor Wang, a leading expert in this field, in Room 302 of the Library Building at 3:00 p.m. this Friday.
The lecture will cover the latest developments and applications of AI, followed by a Q&A session. All students and staff members are welcome to attend. Since seats are limited, those who wish to participate are advised to sign up via the university website before Thursday.
Please arrive on time. For further information, please contact the Students' Union at 1234-5678.
The Students' Union
小作文避坑清单
| 类型 | 易错点 | 正确做法 |
|---|---|---|
| 格式 | 忘写称呼 / 落款 / 署名写真名 | 固定署名 Li Ming |
| 格式 | 通知写成书信格式（加 Dear、Yours sincerely） | 标题 + 日期 + 正文 + 单位落款 |
| 格式 | 小作文画蛇添足写日期 | 书信不写日期；通知、纪要才写 |
| 语域 | 给教授写 Hey / wanna / gonna | 正式信禁用口语缩略语 |
| 语域 | 全文 You should… / You must… | 改用 It would be beneficial if you could… |
| 内容 | 漏掉题目给的要点 | 审题时用笔圈出全部 required points |
| 内容 | 抄题干 Directions 凑字数 | 原句不计入 100 词，且视为无效内容 |
| 语法 | recommend that you to do ✗ | recommend that you (should) do ✓ |
| 语法 | Looking forward to hear ✗ | Looking forward to hearing ✓ |
| 篇幅 | 写满 180 词，挤占大作文时间 | 严格控制在 100—120 词 |
动静图判断与框架
第一步：判断静态图还是动态图
| 类型 | 特征 | 常见图表 | 首段重点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 静态图 | 单一时间点，没有时间变化；比的是占比、排名、差异 | 饼图、单一时间点的柱状图、表格 | 最大项 + 次大项 + 其余打包 |
| 动态图 | 有时间跨度，数据随时间变化；比的是趋势 | 折线图、含多个时间点的柱状图 | 起点 → 终点 → 中间的关键拐点 |
三段式框架
| 段落 | 功能 | 句数 | 词数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | 图表标题概括 + 数据描述 + 突出点 | 3 句 | 约 45 词 |
| P2 | 过渡句 + 2—3 个原因分层展开（每个原因后跟一句论证） | 4—5 句 | 约 65 词 |
| P3 | 总结 + 建议 / 预测 | 2—3 句 | 约 40 词 |
- 首段只描述，不分析。数据要具体，挑最大、最小、交叉点写，不要报菜名式罗列全部数据。
- 中段原因要落到「可感知的层面」。不要只写 economic development，要落到技术、观念、政策、媒体、个人选择。
- 尾段必须收束。一句话总结，一句话建议或预测。不要在中段之后戛然而止。
首段描述模板
静态图（占比 / 排名）
The pie / bar chart above clearly shows a survey on ______. It can be seen that ______ accounts for the largest proportion, at ______%, followed by ______ at ______%. In contrast, ______ and ______ only take up ______% and ______% respectively.
动态图（趋势）
The bar / line chart above clearly shows the change of ______ from ______ to ______. It can be seen that ______ increased sharply / rose steadily from ______ to ______, while ______ decreased significantly from ______ to ______. Meanwhile / In contrast, ______ witnessed a dramatic growth / remained stable during the same period.
首段备用句型
| 功能 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 引出图表 | The chart above clearly illustrates / depicts / reveals / demonstrates that … |
| 观察结果 | As can be seen from the chart, … |
| 强调突出 | What is particularly noticeable is that … |
| 占比排序 | … accounts for the largest proportion, at ___%, followed by ___ at ___%. |
| 波动描述 | … fluctuated over the period, reaching a peak at ___ and a trough at ___. |
中段原因论证
过渡句（三选一）
| 写法 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 直接 | Several factors could account for this phenomenon. |
| 设问 | What exactly contributes to this phenomenon? It is a thought-provoking question. |
| 静态图专用 | What the statistics reflect is closely related to the following factors. |
原因骨架（背这三句，再用多维原因句填肉）
First of all, with ______, people in mounting numbers begin to ______, laying emphasis on ______.
What's more, ______ also proves responsible for this phenomenon in that ______, which exerts significant influence on their behavior.
Last but not least, the positive guidance of ______ is another key factor that can't be ignored.
五大维度万能原因句（中段的「肉」）
中段只写骨架会显得空洞。从以下五个维度中挑 2—3 个，把骨架句的 ______ 替换成具体内容，原因立刻变得可感知、有深度。
① 经济维度
Purchasing power / The availability of ______ has become less a problem for the Chinese, as the country is on track for a strong economic performance that drives up household incomes / boosts overall prosperity.
例（2025 英一耐消品）：Buying appliances has become less a problem for Chinese consumers, as the country is on track for a strong economic performance that drives up household incomes.
② 政策与制度维度
正面：The government has doubled down on promoting ______, which continues to benefit a wider population / improve public infrastructure.
负面 / 缺失：Relevant institutions failed to provide effective guidance regarding ______. At the heart of it is a lack of focus on the real needs of ______.
例（2014 英二城乡人口）：Finding a job in a city has become less a problem for rural residents, as the country is on track for a strong economic performance that boosts overall prosperity.
③ 科技与互联网维度
The science advancing and the Internet booming fuel the growth of ______. Wherever you are, as long as you have access to the Internet, you could shop / learn / read via computers and smartphones.
适用：网购、移动支付、电子书、线上教育、远程办公等一切「数字化」话题。
④ 文化与观念维度
With the economy booming and society advancing, the rapid growth of personal wealth has laid a solid basis for individuals to broaden their horizons, enhance their tastes, and achieve self-realization.
适用：文旅消费、精神满足、国货崛起、终身学习、健康意识等「观念升级」话题。
⑤ 个体与压力维度
People / college students, who have to juggle pursuing money, academic work, romantic relationships and busy social calendars, are susceptible to pressure. By doing ______, they can slow down and diffuse stress.
或（就业压力）：The increasingly fierce competition in the job market pushes them to improve their qualifications. Thus, they choose to equip themselves to meet the forthcoming challenges.
适用：考研热、考证热、体育锻炼、休闲方式、心理健康等「个人选择」话题。
论证手法（每条原因后扩 1 句）
| 手法 | 句型 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 对比论证 | While A …, B … | While traditional reading requires physical presence, digital reading allows access anywhere. |
| 数据支撑 | According to a recent survey, …% of respondents hold the view that … | According to a recent survey, over 80% of youngsters prefer online payment. |
| 举例论证 | Take … as a prime example. | Take mobile apps as a prime example; they have revolutionized our daily learning. |
| 双重否定举例 | I can think of no better illustration than the example of … | I can think of no better illustration than the example of online education. |
尾段总结建议
模板一 · 总结 + 预测（正面趋势）
Based on the statistics and analysis above, we may reasonably predict that the trend is normal and positive, and therefore I firmly believe that it is bound to continue in the years to come.
模板二 · 总结 + 建议（最稳妥，可正可负）
From the analysis above, it can be concluded that ______. And ______ are supposed to ______. Only by doing so can we ______.
结尾金句（替换最后一句）
| 句型 |
|---|
| Only by taking effective measures can we embrace the benefits of ______ while avoiding its potential harm. |
| It is imperative that we ______ rather than ______. |
| What matters most is not how much we ______, but how wisely we ______. |
| Only by doing so can our society be more harmonious, and we, as individuals, embrace a more promising prospect. |
功能句与长难句
长难句骨架（中段挑 1—2 个用，不要通篇简单句）
| 骨架 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| with 伴随状语 | The proportion surged dramatically, with online reading becoming increasingly prevalent. |
| 非限制性定语从句 | The government has issued relevant policies, which has contributed to the shift. |
| 独立主格 | The living standard improving, people tend to pursue spiritual satisfaction. |
| Not only 倒装 | Not only does this trend save time, but it also enhances efficiency. |
| It is … that 强调句 | It is the rapid development of technology that has driven this shift. |
| 虚拟语气倒装 | Were it not for the Internet, this trend would not have taken shape so rapidly. |
「救命」功能句（时间紧时直接上）
| 场景 | 句子 |
|---|---|
| 举例（代替 For example） | I can think of no better illustration than the example of ______. |
| 强调重要性 | It is not too much to say that ______ plays an indispensable role in ______. |
| 尾段升华 | Only by doing so can our society be more harmonious, and we, as individuals, embrace a more promising prospect. |
| 虚拟倒装（强调因果） | Conspicuously, were it not for ______, ______ would not ______. |
词汇库与替换
图表动词
| 简单词 | 高级替换 |
|---|---|
| show | illustrate / depict / reveal / demonstrate / portray |
| describe | depict / portray / outline |
| compare | contrast / make a comparison between |
上升 / 下降 / 平稳 / 占比
| 含义 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 一般上升 | rise / increase / climb / grow |
| 快速上升 | surge / soar / skyrocket / jump |
| 缓慢上升 | creep up / edge up / inch up |
| 一般下降 | decline / decrease / drop / fall |
| 快速下降 | plummet / plunge / nosedive / slump |
| 缓慢下降 | dip / slip / edge down |
| 保持平稳 | remain stable / level off / plateau |
| 达到峰值 | peak at / reach a peak of / hit a high of |
| 触底 | bottom out at / reach a low of |
| 占 | account for / constitute / represent / make up / take up |
| 最大占比 | account for the largest proportion / take the lion's share |
| 超过 | overtake / outpace / surpass |
高级替换词
| 简单 | 高级替换 |
|---|---|
| important | vital / crucial / significant / indispensable / essential |
| good / bad | beneficial, favorable, conducive to / detrimental, adverse |
| big / small | substantial, considerable / marginal, negligible |
| common / many | prevalent, widespread / numerous, a multitude of |
| help / cause | facilitate, be conducive to / give rise to, trigger, serve as a catalyst |
| improve / solve | enhance, optimize / address, tackle |
| think | maintain / hold / share the view that |
| very | exceedingly / remarkably / conspicuously |
逻辑连接词
| 逻辑 | 简单 | 高级 |
|---|---|---|
| 因果 | because / so | owing to / therefore, consequently, accordingly |
| 转折 | but | however / nevertheless / whereas / conversely / nonetheless |
| 递进 | and | moreover / furthermore / in addition |
| 总结 | in short | in conclusion / to sum up / all in all / ultimately |
常见中式英语纠正
| 低分写法 | 地道表达 |
|---|---|
| With the development of society | As society develops / With the advancement of society |
| More and more people have money | An increasing number of people possess greater financial resources |
| People's life is better | People's living standards have improved significantly |
| We should pay attention to | We should attach greater importance to |
真题范文
范文一 · 动态图（2022 英二真题：快递业务量）
The bar chart above clearly shows the change of express volume in China from 2018 to 2020. It can be seen that the total express volume increased sharply from 51 billion in 2018 to 83 billion in 2020. Meanwhile, the figure in rural areas witnessed a dramatic growth during the same period, from 12 billion to 30 billion.
Several factors could account for this phenomenon. First of all, with the rapid development of the Internet, people in mounting numbers begin to change the way of shopping, laying emphasis on online shopping. What's more, convenience also proves responsible for this phenomenon in that people can buy whatever they want anytime and anywhere, which exerts significant influence on their behavior. Last but not least, the positive guidance of governmental policies on online purchasing, especially in rural areas, is another key factor that can't be ignored.
Based on the statistics and analysis above, we may reasonably predict that the trend is normal and positive, and therefore I firmly believe that it is bound to continue in the years to come.
范文二 · 静态图（2021 英二真题：体育锻炼方式）
The bar chart above clearly shows a survey on the ways of physical exercise of residents in a certain city. It can be seen that exercising alone accounts for the largest part, with a proportion of 54.3%, followed by taking exercise with friends, which takes up 47.7%. In contrast, doing workouts with family members and joining in team sports only occupy 23.9% and 15.8% respectively.
What the statistics reflect is closely related to the following factors. First of all, with the development of the Internet and online videos, people in mounting numbers begin to change their ways of workouts, laying emphasis on exercising on their own. What's more, flexibility also proves responsible for this phenomenon in that people can take exercise whenever they want. Last but not least, people tend to share more common interests with friends than with family members when doing exercise, which is another key factor that can't be ignored.
Based on the statistics and analysis above, we may reasonably predict that the phenomenon is normal and positive, and therefore I firmly believe that it is bound to continue in the years to come.
大作文避坑清单
| 类型 | 易错点 | 正确做法 |
|---|---|---|
| 审题 | 饼图写成 bar chart，折线图写成 pie chart | 首句图表名称必须与题目一致 |
| 首段 | 报菜名式罗列全部数据，没有重点 | 挑最大、最小、交叉点，其余打包 |
| 首段 | 静态图用了动态图模板（rose from…to…） | 静态图用 account for / followed by |
| 中段 | 原因假大空：通篇 economic development | 落到技术、观念、政策、媒体、个体 |
| 中段 | 三条原因之间没有连接词 | First of all / What's more / Last but not least |
| 尾段 | 只有总结，没有建议或预测 | 总结句 + Only by / It is imperative 收束 |
| 语法 | the number of … are（×） | the number of … is（√）；a number of … are（√） |
| 语法 | percentage 前加具体数字 | 20% 用 percent；percentage 前不加数字 |
| 拼写 | phenomenon 拼错 / environment 漏 n | 考前默写 3 遍 |